Vacuum jacket for phase change memory element

ABSTRACT

A memory device including a phase change element and a vacuum jacket. The device includes a first electrode element; a phase change element in contact with the first electrode element; an upper electrode element in contact with the phase change element; a bit line electrode in contact with the upper electrode element; and a dielectric fill layer surrounding the phase change element and the upper electrode element, spaced from the same and sealed by the bit line electrode to define a vacuum jacket around the phase change element and upper electrode element.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/408,802 filed 21 Apr. 2006 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,449,710), which application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/738,956, entitled “Vacuum Jacket for Phase Change Memory Element” filed on Nov. 21, 2005, both of which are incorporated by reference for all purposes.

PARTIES TO A JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT

International Business Machines Corporation, a New York corporation; Macronix International Corporation, Ltd., a Taiwan corporation; and Infineon Technologies AG, a German corporation, are parties to a Joint Research Agreement.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention is generally related to the field of non-volatile memory devices, and more particularly to the field of memory devices that employ phase change materials.

2. Description of Related Art

Phase change based memory materials are widely used in read-write optical disks, and such materials are seeing increasing use in computer memory devices. These materials have at least two solid phases, including, for example, a generally amorphous solid phase and a generally crystalline solid phase. Laser pulses are used in read-write optical disks to switch between phases and to read the optical properties of the material after the phase change, and electrical pulses are employed in the same manner in computer memory devices.

Phase change based memory materials, like chalcogenide based materials and similar materials, also can be caused to change phase by application of electrical current at levels suitable for implementation in integrated circuits. The generally amorphous state is characterized by higher resistivity than the generally crystalline state, which can be readily sensed to indicate data. These properties have generated interest in using programmable resistive material to form nonvolatile memory circuits, which can be read and written with random access.

The change from the amorphous to the crystalline state is generally a lower current operation. The change from crystalline to amorphous, referred to as reset herein, is generally a higher current operation, which includes a short high current density pulse to melt or breakdown the crystalline structure, after which the phase change material cools quickly, quenching the phase change process, allowing at least a portion of the phase change structure to stabilize in the amorphous state. It is desirable to minimize the magnitude of the reset current used to cause transition of phase change material from crystalline state to amorphous state. The magnitude of the reset current needed for reset can be reduced by reducing the size of the phase change material element in the cell and of the contact area between electrodes and the phase change material, so that higher current densities are achieved with small absolute current values through the phase change material element.

One direction of development has been toward forming small pores in an integrated circuit structure, and using small quantities of programmable resistive material to fill the small pores. Patents illustrating development toward small pores include: Ovshinsky, “Multibit Single Cell Memory Element Having Tapered Contact,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,687,112, issued Nov. 11, 1997; Zahorik et al., “Method of Making Chalogenide [sic] Memory Device,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,789,277, issued Aug. 4, 1998; Doan et al., “Controllable Ovonic Phase-Change Semiconductor Memory Device and Methods of Fabricating the Same,” U.S. Pat. No. 6,150,253, issued Nov. 21, 2000, and Reinberg, “Chalcogenide Memory Cell with a Plurality of Chalcogenide Electrodes,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,920,788, issued Jul. 6, 1999.

A specific issue arising from conventional phase change memory and structures is the heat sink effect of conventional designs. Generally, the prior art teaches the use of metallic electrodes on both sides of the phase change memory element, with electrodes of approximately the same size as the phase change member. Such electrodes act as heat sinks, the high heat conductivity of the metal rapidly drawing heat away from the phase change material. Because the phase change occurs as a result of heating, the heat sink effect results in a requirement for higher current, in order to effect the desired phase change.

One approach to the heat flow problem is seen in U.S. Pat. No. 6,815,704, entitled “Self Aligned Air-Gap Thermal Insulation for Nano-scale Insulated Chalcogenide Electronics (NICE) RAM”, in which an attempt is made to isolate the memory cell. That structure, and the attendant fabrication process, is overly complex, yet it does not promote minimal current flow in the memory device.

It is desirable therefore to provide a memory cell structure having small dimensions and low reset currents, as well as a structure that addresses the heat conductivity problem, and a method for manufacturing such structure that meets tight process variation specifications needed for large-scale memory devices. It is further desirable to provide a manufacturing process and a structure, which are compatible with manufacturing of peripheral circuits on the same integrated circuit.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One aspect of the invention is a memory device including a phase change element and a vacuum jacket. The device includes a first electrode element; a phase change element in contact with the first electrode element; an upper electrode element in contact with the phase change element; a bit line electrode in contact with the upper electrode element; and a dielectric fill layer surrounding the phase change element and the upper electrode element, spaced from the same and sealed by the bit line electrode to define a vacuum jacket around the phase change element and upper electrode element.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view that illustrates an embodiment of a phase change memory element employing a vacuum jacket.

FIGS. 2 a-2 c illustrate alternate embodiments of a phase change memory element employing an air cell vacuum jacket.

FIGS. 3 a-3 k illustrate an embodiment of a process for fabricating a phase change memory element as shown in FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following discussion describes embodiments of the invention with particular reference to FIGS. 1-3. It will be understood that the examples and features shown are exemplary and illustrative in nature and not intended to limit the scope of the invention. That scope is defined solely by the claims appended hereto.

The present invention concerns memory elements and memory cells. As used herein, and as is well known in the art, a memory cell is a circuit device designed to hold a charge or state to indicate the logic level of a single data bit. Memory cells are arrayed to provide, for example, the random access memory for a computer. Within certain memory cells, a memory element performs the function of actually holding the charge or state. In a conventional dynamic random access memory cell, for example, a capacitor indicates the logic level of the cell, with a fully charged state indicating a logic 1, or high, state, and fully discharged indicating a logic 0, or low, state.

A memory element 10, an embodiment of the present invention, is illustrated generally in FIG. 1. As seen there, the memory element 10 is shown as a single unit, for purposes of clarity. In practice, each element is a part of a memory cell, which in turn is part of a larger memory array, as discussed more fully below. The structure of a memory element will be discussed first, followed by a description of the process for fabricating the same.

The memory element is formed on a substrate 12, which is preferably a dielectric fill material such as silicon dioxide. Other suitable materials include polyimide, silicon nitride or other dielectric fill materials known in the art. Extending through the substrate to make electrical contact with exterior circuitry (not shown) is a plug element 14, preferably formed from a refractory metal such as tungsten. Other suitable refractory metals include Ti, Mo, Al, Ta, Cu, Pt, Ir, La, Ni, and Ru. The plug element functions as an electrode, and can be referred to as the lower electrode element.

Extending upward from the plug element are a phase change element 20 and an upper electrode element 28. Above the upper electrode element is bit line 30, which in turn is in electrical contact with outside circuitry (not shown).

The phase change element 20 can be formed from a class of materials preferably including chalcogenide based materials. Chalcogens include any of the four elements oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), and tellurium (Te), forming part of group VI of the periodic table. Chalcogenides comprise compounds of a chalcogen with a more electropositive element or radical. Chalcogenide alloys comprise combinations of chalcogenides with other materials such as transition metals. A chalcogenide alloy usually contains one or more elements from column six of the periodic table of elements, such as germanium (Ge) and tin (Sn). Often, chalcogenide alloys include combinations including one or more of antimony (Sb), gallium (Ga), indium (In), and silver (Ag). Many phase change based memory materials have been described in technical literature, including alloys of: Ga/Sb, In/Sb, In/Se, Sb/Te, Ge/Te, Ge/Sb/Te, In/Sb/Te, Ga/Se/Te, Sn/Sb/Te, In/Sb/Ge, Ag/In/Sb/Te, Ge/Sn/Sb/Te, Ge/Sb/Se/Te and Te/Ge/Sb/S. In the family of Ge/Sb/Te alloys, a wide range of alloy compositions may be workable. The compositions can be characterized as Te_(a)Ge_(b)Sb_(100−(a+b)). One researcher has described the most useful alloys as having an average concentration of Te in the deposited materials well below 70%, typically below about 60% and ranged in general from as low as about 23% up to about 58% Te and most preferably about 48% to 58% Te. Concentrations of Ge were above about 5% and ranged from a low of about 8% to about 30% average in the material, remaining generally below 50%. Most preferably, concentrations of Ge ranged from about 8% to about 40%. The remainder of the principal constituent elements in this composition was Sb. These percentages are atomic percentages that total 100% of the atoms of the constituent elements. (Ovshinsky '112 patent, cols. 10-11.) Particular alloys evaluated by another researcher include Ge₂Sb₂Te₅, GeSb₂Te₄ and GeSb₄Te₇. (Noboru Yamada, “Potential of Ge—Sb—Te Phase-Change Optical Disks for High-Data-Rate Recording”, SPIE v. 3109, pp. 28-37 (1997).) More generally, a transition metal such as chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), niobium (Nb), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt) and mixtures or alloys thereof may be combined with Ge/Sb/Te to form a phase change alloy that has programmable resistive properties. Specific examples of memory materials that may be useful are given in Ovshinsky '112 at columns 11-13, which examples are hereby incorporated by reference.

Phase change alloys are capable of being switched between a first structural state in which the material is in a generally amorphous solid phase, and a second structural state in which the material is in a generally crystalline solid phase in its local order in the active channel region of the cell. These alloys are at least bistable. The term amorphous is used to refer to a relatively less ordered structure, more disordered than a single crystal, which has the detectable characteristics such as higher electrical resistivity than the crystalline phase. The term crystalline is used to refer to a relatively more ordered structure, more ordered than in an amorphous structure, which has detectable characteristics such as lower electrical resistivity than the amorphous phase. Typically, phase change materials may be electrically switched between different detectable states of local order across the spectrum between completely amorphous and completely crystalline states. Other material characteristics affected by the change between amorphous and crystalline phases include atomic order, free electron density and activation energy. The material may be switched either into different solid phases or into mixtures of two or more solid phases, providing a gray scale between completely amorphous and completely crystalline states. The electrical properties in the material may vary accordingly.

Phase change alloys can be changed from one phase state to another by application of electrical pulses. It has been observed that a shorter, higher amplitude pulse tends to change the phase change material to a generally amorphous state. A longer, lower amplitude pulse tends to change the phase change material to a generally crystalline state. The energy in a shorter, higher amplitude pulse is high enough to allow for bonds of the crystalline structure to be broken and short enough to prevent the atoms from realigning into a crystalline state. Appropriate profiles for pulses can be determined, without undue experimentation, specifically adapted to a particular phase change alloy. In following sections of the disclosure, the phase change material is referred to as GST, and it will be understood that other types of phase change materials can be used. A material useful for implementation of a PCRAM described herein is Ge₂Sb₂Te₅.

Other programmable resistive memory materials may be used in other embodiments of the invention, including N₂ doped GST, Ge_(x)Sb_(y), or other material that uses different crystal phase changes to determine resistance; Pr_(x)Ca_(y)MnO₃, PrSrMnO, ZrOx, or other material that uses an electrical pulse to change the resistance state; TCNQ, PCBM, TCNQ-PCBM, Cu-TCNQ, Ag-TCNQ, C60-TCNQ, TCNQ doped with other metal, or any other polymer material that has bistable or multi-stable resistance state controlled by an electrical pulse.

The upper electrode element is preferably formed of titanium nitride (TiN) or similar material, such as one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Si, Ti, Al, Ta, N, O, and C. It should be noted that, for purposes of reference only, the direction from the bottom toward the top of the drawings herein is designated “vertical”, and the side-to-side direction is “lateral” or “horizontal.” Such designations have no effect on the actual physical orientation of a device, either during fabrication or during use. The bit line 30 is preferably formed from aluminum or other conductive material known to the art for use in metallization.

It is preferred that the thickness (that is, the dimension parallel to the long axis of the printed page herein) of the phase change element 20 be from about 30 nm to about 100 nm, and most preferably about 70 nm. The thickness of the upper electrode element 28 should be from about 30 nm to about 120 nm, and most preferably about 100 nm. The width (that is, the dimension parallel to the short axis of the printed page herein) of the upper electrode element 28 should be from about 20 nm to about 100 nm, and most preferably about 50 nm. The width of the vacuum jacket should be from about 5 nm to about 50 nm, and most preferably about 10 nm. Thus, the total width of the phase change element should be from about 30 nm to about 100 nm, and most preferably about 70 nm.

The electrode element and phase change element are surrounded by an upper insulation layer 26, preferably formed of the same or similar material as the substrate 12. Between the two insulation layers is a barrier layer 18, formed of SiN or similar material.

The upper insulation layer makes contact with the bit line and with the barrier layer, but not with the phase change element and upper electrode element. Rather, the upper insulation layer is spaced from those elements, so that portions of the bit line and barrier layer, together with the spaced-apart portions of the upper insulation layer and the phase change and upper electrode elements define a vacuum jacket 24 surrounding the phase change and upper electrode elements. The vacuum jacket is sealed by the bit line electrode, as explained more fully below. Because the vacuum jacket is sealed in a vacuum environment, it maintains a vacuum in its interior.

In operation, current flows through the memory element from plug assembly 14, into the phase change element 20, and out through the upper electrode 28 and to bit line 30. Of course, the current direction could be altered by changes in element geometry, as will be understood by those in the art. In either event, the phase change material is subject to joule heating as current flows, as discussed above, resulting in a temperature rise in the center 22 of the GST material. When the temperature exceeds the level required for phase change, a portion of the phase change material changes state. Temperature is not uniform throughout the phase change element, with changing values of current density producing significant variations. The temperature of the phase change material determines the effect produced, so the current is chosen to produce a temperature sufficient to create the desired result—either an amorphous state or a crystalline state—in the GST material. If it is desired to read the element status, a low current is employed for sensing purposes. The read operation is non-destructive, as the element temperature is kept below the threshold for a phase change.

The vacuum jacket 24 functions to contain heat within the phase change and upper electrode elements, which has several positive effects. First, by preventing the migration of heat away from the phase change and upper electrode elements, this design reduces the total heat required to effect phase changes, which in turn reduces the current required for each SET or RESET operation. At the same time, retaining heat within the phase change and upper electrode elements reduces the heat transferred to the remainder of the memory array, which translates directly into increased lifespan for the device. Given the vast numbers of memory elements within a complete integrated circuit—at least eight billion elements for a 1 GB memory device, for example—it can be appreciated that the effects of such a heat reduction will be significant. Thus, the illustrated design leads to reduced current consumption by the memory element.

Alternative embodiments of the phase change memory element of the present invention are shown in FIGS. 2 a-2 c. These embodiments all generally follow the principles set out herein, but the structural details differ in each instance. For example, in FIG. 2 a the upper electrode member 28 has a width sufficient to extend across the phase change element 20 and the vacuum jacket 24, sealing the vacuum jacket. Additionally, that embodiment omits the barrier layer altogether. In FIG. 2 b, the upper electrode element has the same structure and function as in FIG. 2 a, but the barrier layer 18 is included in the design. The embodiment of FIG. 2 c is similar to that of FIG. 2 b, except that the upper electrode element 28 is generally T-shaped, with its upright portion exposed to the vacuum jacket and the crossbar extending across the vacuum jacket and sealing it. Those in the art will understand that these alternatives are exemplary and illustrate the range of possibilities inherent in the present invention.

An embodiment of a process for fabricating the memory device of the present invention is shown in FIGS. 3 a-3 k. As known in the art, a memory array is preferably formed employing pairs of memory cells, which structure is shown here. The process begins with a base structure as seen in FIG. 3 a, which illustrates a structure suitable for the formation of multiple memory cells, as will be shown below. Plug elements 14 a and 14 b extend through the substrate material 12, serving separate memory elements. Materials for these two elements are described above. Word lines 15 a and 15 b extend in a direction perpendicular to the drawing, connecting a number of memory elements in a manner known in the art. It is preferred to form the word lines from polysilicon. Common source line 17 extends through the middle of the pair of memory elements, parallel to the word lines.

FIG. 3 b depicts a two-stage deposition which deposits a layer of GST material 120 atop the dielectric material, followed by a layer of electrode material (preferably TiN) 128. It should be noted that the materials employed in memory element are generally discussed above, and that discussion will not be repeated here. In the succeeding two drawings, FIGS. 3 c and 3 d, the structure is prepared for an etching operation by first depositing and patterning photoresist material 50 a and 50 b in desired positions. An etching step follows, with results shown in FIG. 3 d, in which two phase change memory elements 10 a and 10 b are defined. As shown, phase change elements 20 a and 20 b, together with upper electrode elements 28 a and 28 b are formed, preferably employing a dry anisotropic etch using a reactive ion etching (RIE), utilizing a chlorine plasma chemistry. An optical emission tool may be used to identify and control the end point of the etch, when the substrate layer is encountered.

Here, however, conventional lithographic processing is not sufficient to achieve the small dimensions required, in that the required width of the phase change and upper electrode elements is less than the minimum feature size achievable by conventional lithography. Thus, the photoresist is patterned to the smallest possible size in the step shown in FIG. 3 c, followed by a trimming step in FIG. 3 e to produce the etch masks 50 a and 50 b having the required size. The process for achieving this result is disclosed in pending patent applications owned by the assignee hereof, such as U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/338,285, entitled “Self-Aligned Manufacturing Method, and Manufacturing Method For Thin Film Fuse Phase Change Ram”, filed Jan. 24, 2006, which document is incorporated by reference herein. The phase change memory elements 10 a and 10 b are then further etched, and the photoresist stripped, as shown in FIG. 3 f.

Following the etching, a barrier layer 18 is deposited, composed of SiN, as discussed above. It is preferred to deposit the barrier layer employing the Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) method, producing a generally conformal layer over the substrate and phase change memory elements, as shown in FIG. 3 g. That layer is followed by the deposition of an upper insulation layer 26, composed of material the same or similar to that of the substrate 12, as seen in FIG. 3 h. That layer is deposited such that it completely covers the phase change memory elements and the barrier layer, as illustrated in FIG. 3 h. Then, the upper insulation layer is subjected to planarization, preferably employing chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) to expose the upper electrode members 28 a and 28 b, as seen in FIG. 3 i.

The vacuum jackets are formed in the next two steps. First, the portions of the barrier layer 18 lying next to the phase change and upper electrode elements are etched away, as shown in FIG. 3 j. A wet etch, chosen to selectively etch the barrier layer material, is employed for this step. For the preferable material, SiN, a phosphoric acid etch is used. Control is exercised to stop the process before an appreciable etching of either the phase change element, the upper electrode or the dielectric material occurs.

Following the etching step, a metallization step deposits bit line 30 over the entire structure of FIG. 3 j, as shown in FIG. 3 k. This deposition must suffice to form the vacuum jackets 24 a and 24 b, by sealing the voids remaining after the previous etching step. The preferred process for this step is sputtering, so that metal material, preferably aluminum, extends into and seals the cell. Process parameters must be chosen such that the sputtering does not altogether fill the cells, as will be understood in the art. Bit line 30 spans memory elements 10 a and 10 b and extends in both directions to other memory elements, as is known in the art. The fact that this step takes place in a vacuum environment ensures that a vacuum is maintained within the vacuum jacket.

While the present invention is disclosed by reference to the preferred embodiments and examples detailed above, it is to be understood that these examples are intended in an illustrative rather than in a limiting sense. It is contemplated that modifications and combinations will readily occur to those skilled in the art, which modifications and combinations will be within the spirit of the invention and the scope of the following claims. 

1. A method of fabricating a memory device, comprising: forming a first electrode; forming a memory element electrically coupled to the first electrode; forming a second electrode electrically coupled to the memory element, the second electrode and the memory element arranged in electrical series; and forming a dielectric fill layer spaced from the memory element and the second electrode to define a vacuum jacket surrounding the memory element and at least a portion of the second electrode, wherein the memory element is exposed all around to the vacuum jacket.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the vacuum jacket is sealed by the second electrode.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the memory element comprises a combination of Ge, Sb, and Te.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the memory element comprises a combination of two or more materials from the group of Ge, Sb, Te, Se, In, Ti, Ga, Bi, Sn, Cu, Pd, Pb, Ag, S, and Au.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the memory element is about 70 nm wide and about 70 nm thick.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the vacuum jacket is about 10 nm thick.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the second electrode is generally T-shaped, having an upright portion surrounded by the vacuum jacket and a crossbar portion sealing the vacuum jacket. 